Experimental study on fire suppressioneffectiveness of superfine and surfacetreatment powder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present article is concerned about the authors' experimental research on the method to improve the property of the fire suppression agents. As is known, one of the most useful fire suppression agents, the traditional dry powder has been applied in portable fire extinguishers for years. When the production of Class I ozone depleting substances (ODS), such as Halon 1301, began to stop after adoption of the Montreal Protocol, dry powder is considered as a suitable alternative due to its environmental compatibility, fast fire extinguishing power and lower cost. According to the demands of the new clean and effective fire suppression agents, the present authors have built a laboratory-scale immovable fire suppression system, in which three kinds of typical powder are used, that is, the normal ammonium phosphate dry powder, sodium bicarbonate dry powder and superfine surface treatment sodium bicarbonate powder. Our investigation has been focusing on the relationship between the powder surface structure and the fire suppression effectiveness. The fire extinguishing time was recorded when powder types, particle sizes and working pressures were changed. The particle size of the powder and microcosmic structure of powder surface were observed through the electronic microscope scanning. And then the fire suppression mechanism of powder was also studied. Our research results show that there is a significant impact on the fire suppression effectiveness when the particle size is lower than 10 μm. Besides, the working pressure also proves to have influences on the fire suppression effectiveness. It was found that when the working pressure increased, the extinguishing time of the normal ammonium phosphate chemical and sodium bicarbonate powder would gradually decrease. Under the same experimental condition, kerosene fires prove to be easier to be extinguished when superfine and surface treatment sodium bicarbonate powder is used. By analyzing the results of the research, it can be concluded that the pressure, the particle size of the powder and microcosmic structure of powder surface plays chief role in determining the capability of the powder in fire extinguishing. It is also found by the authors that the fire extinguishing time of superfine powder is just half of the ordinary dry powder.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".