Patterns of International Collaboration for the UK and Leading Partners
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Patterns of international collaboration for the UK and leading partners are described by bibliometrical methods.The data analysed in this report are records of research publications,their authors' location and their subsequent citations by later publications.Data cover:nine countries - UK,USA,Canada,France,Germany,Japan,Australia,China and India;seven research fields-clinical sciences,health and related subjects,biological sciences,environmental sciences, mathematics,physical sciences,and engineering;two time periods - 1996-2000 and 2001-2005.Results show that the importance of international collaboration within countries' output has increased;for the UK the share of international collaboration has increased relative to domestic volume more rapidly than for other G7 economies;the UK retains a greater share of USA collaboration than any country except Germany;the average impact of internationally co-authored work is significantly higher than the overall average;the UK has more collaborative papers with China than any other EU partner.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".