Childcare Provision and Women′s Participation in Off-Farm Employment:Evidence from China′s Low-Income Rural Areas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Off-farm employment has emerged as a major source of income growth for Chinese rural households since the onset of economic reforms in 1978.However,women and men do not have equal opportunities to participate in off-farm employment activities.This paper examines what role women′s childcare provisioning duty plays for this phenomenon.The findings from a case study show that the lack of access to reliable,decent child cares is a main obstacle to mothers′ participation in off-farm employment in low-income villages.From the survey data of 592 households in four state-designated poor counties in 2001,the regression estimates confirm that having a child under the age of 6 years increases women′s participation rate in agricultural production by 1.94 percentage points while reducing their participation in non-farm self-employment by 1.22 percentage points and wage employment by 0.7 percentage points.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".