NAFTA Chapter 11: 'Canada' in The Legal Protection of Foreign Investment: A Comparative Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This book chapter provides a detailed discussion of Canada’s legal system focusing on its domestic law and international commitments related to inward foreign investment. Canada is highly integrated into the global economy through investment. Canada’s stock of foreign direct investment in 2009 was Can$549.4 billion, representing almost 43% as a proportion of Canadian GDP for that year. In 1996, the stock of outward foreign direct investment exceeded inward direct investment for the first time and by 2009 had reached Can$593.3 billion. Canada’s most important investment relationship by far is with the US. Fifty-three per cent of the stock of foreign direct investment in Canada is American. Forty-four per cent of Canadian investment abroad is in the US.Canada is generally a welcoming jurisdiction for foreign investors. Provincial and municipal governments often compete to attract foreign investment. The only general law governing foreign direct investment activities in Canada is the Investment Canada Act. Under this Act, new foreign investment and the acquisition of control of a Canadian business are both subject to notification and, in limited cases, to review regarding whether the investment provides a net benefit to Canada. Specific laws limit foreign ownership in a few sectors, including those deemed to be critical to national cultural identity or security, such as the broadcasting, film, transportation, and telecommunications sectors. Canada has committed itself to a number of international treaties and agreements with a view, in part, to attracting investment. Canada is a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and subject to the obligations related to investment in the General Agreement on Trade in Services and the Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures. In addition, Canada has signed bilateral and regional trade agreements that provide protection for foreign investors in Canada, including the North American Free Trade Agreement and various bilateral agreements on investment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.021 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.019 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".