Current Development of Venezuela Extra Heavy Crude and Canadian Oil Sands Processing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Venezuela extra heavy crude and Canadian oil sands are two main kinds of unconventional crude,which can't be directly processed in conventional refineries due to their special properties of low API,high viscosity,high sulfur content,high carbon residue,high metal and high asphaltene contents.At present,the two unconventional crudes are handled mainly in upgrading facilities near production sites,producing synthetic crude suitable for conventional refineries to produce transportation fuels and other oil products.There are currently four upgrading facilities in Venezuela for extra heavy crude,three of which are designed to produce heavy,high sulfur synthetic crude and the other can provide light,low sulfur synthetic crude.Coking is chosen by all of the four plants as the main upgrading technology.Six main upgrading facilities are located in Alberta and Saskatchewan in Canada to produce synthetic crude with different properties by using coking and/or hydrocracking technologies.The two unconventional crudes are seen as important feedstock resources of refineries in future.Chinese oil companies should pay more attention to the development and application of our own upgrading technologies,which will strengthen our competitiveness and lead to cooperation opportunities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".