Recommendations to establish design standard of generator out-of-step capability
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many generators tripped immediately after out-of-step oscillation on August 14, 2003 and worsened the situation of U.S/Canada Blackout. According to American guide lines, generators should be tripped once system out-of-step occurred, it seems they have sufficient generation. The experience in China in many years has proven that even transient instability occurred, all the transmission lines and generators should not be tripped in order to maintain the system integrity, then most of the out-of-step oscillation could be synchronized within short time, thus avoid system disintegration and blackout. There is no international standard regarding this respect, but all the generators have to be designed according to IEC 34-3 Standard. The recommendation for generator out-of-step capability is established according to IEC 34-3 Standard. It is expecting that this recommendation could be coordinated with generator research institute and manufacturers, and also could be used for the design and setting of generator out-of-step protection, thus to achieve the purpose of both power system and generator safety.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.014 | 0.028 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.021 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".