CHARACTERIZATION OF TOLUENE INSOLUBLE MATERIALS IN VARIOUS OIL SAND BITUMEN DERIVED STREAMS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Process streams from the upgrading of oil sand bitumen are known to contain suspended toluene insoluble materials (TIM),such as clay and carbonaceous solids.TIM in process streams causes fouling,catalyst deactivation and catalyst bed plugging in hydro-treating units.In this work TIM were separated from various oil sand bitumen derived streams.Each sample was characterised by advanced analytical techniques.TIM from bitumen pitches are mainly ultra-fine alumino-silicate clay particles,associated with kerogen material.TIM from coking pitch may be coke-like material.This TIM or coke may be carried by gas oil and gradually settle down to form sediments in storage tank.TIM from gas oils comprise mainly carbonaceous particles,rich in nitrogen and oxygen,and minor contributions from minerals and clays.The presence of nitrogen-containing heteroaromatics,such as pyrrole may be the key factor in the formation of TIM in gas oils during processing and storage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".