Sea Ice Formation Rates Recorded in Planktonic Foraminiferal Oxygen and Carbon Isotopes in the Western Arctic Ocean during the Late Quaternary
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An integrated study was carried out on stable isotopes of planktonic foraminifera Neogloboquadrina pachyderma(sin.)(Nps),planktonic foraminiferal abundance and ice-rafted detritus(IRD) in the western Arctic Ocean to investigate sea ice formation during the late Quaternary.Our results show that light excursions in Nps δ18O and δ13C happened seven times,likely indicating the production and sinking of isotopically light brines caused by enhanced rate of the sea ice formation.Because concomitant decrease occurred in planktonic foraminiferal abundance and IRD,these light Nps δ18O and δ13C values unlikely reflect inputs of freshwater and warm Atlantic waters.They more likely suggest reduction of Atlantic waters into the Arctic Ocean and substantial decrease of Chukchi Sea shelf waters.On the contrary,heavy δ18O values would indicate reduction of freshwater and Pacific waters into the Arctic Ocean and heavy δ13C values be caused by well ventilated surface and halocline waters transported from the shelf into the Arctic Ocean.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".