Comparison between China's and USA's Spatial Structure of Crude Oil Importing Trade Based on Complex Network Theory
Bibliographic record
Abstract
With the yearly increase of crude oil import of China,the safety issues of import have become more prominent.The strategy of diversification of import channels has been considered the primary solution to overcoming safety issues.However,the adoption of diversification strategy premises a thorough analysis and understanding of the importing strategy of other countries in advance.This paper employed the complex network method and evaluated the degree,weight,and entropy of China versus United States in the network of crude oil import and revealed the evolving mechanism of the degree,weight,and standard entropy.Analysis of a regional comparison was also carried out to highlight the difference of crude oil sources between China and United States.Conclusions were drawn as follows.First,identical cognition causes consistent policy making.Diversifying strategy has been a common option to both China and United States.Since 1993,the patterns of crude oil import of both China and United States have demonstrated similar tendency of change in the quantity of trade partners.Second,since 1993,China and United States have been quite distinct in the weighted pattern of trading business.The weight of crude oil import network of United States is generally stable,while that of China presents a trend of rapid growth.In the mean time,the weight of United States is remarkably more than that of China.Furthermore,in the aspect of sub-region's weight,the crude oil import of United States is more dependent on relatively safer countries in North America,e.g.Canada and Mexico,rather than unrest Middle East.Third,The weighted entropy of the crude oil import network of United States experienced a transition from large to small,while China generally maintained a larger value.Comparison of these two entropy parameters from China and United States indicates that the level of maintaining orderliness in the crude oil import network is much higher in United States than that in China.In addition it reminds that diversification does not necessarily mean homogenization.The distribution of a country's trading partnership depends on its individual and specific trading environment,which is virtually the essential to carry out the strategy of diversification.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".