Bibliographic record
Abstract
The feasibility of using concrete products to uptake carbon dioxide emitted from cement production were investigated.All three primary ingredients of concrete:cement binder,fine aggregates and coarse aggregates,are considered as CO2 absorbents to maximize carbon sequestration in concrete and produce concrete aggregates from calcium-containing steel slag.It is found that two-hour carbonation enabled the Portland cement can consume ≥14% of CO2,and its strength is comparable to that after 7 d conventional curing.Ladle slag fines could take 4%-12% of CO2 due to their smaller particle size and can be used as a substitution to natural river sand.Basic oxygen furnace(BOF) slag shows an excellent reactivity with CO2.The CO2 uptake capacity in manufactured coarse BOF slag aggregates reaches 12%.The solid BOF steel slag compact produced has a strength compared to crushed limestone.If all three solid components of concrete can be used to uptake CO2,one typical concrete masonry unit(CMU,20 cm × 20 cm × 20 cm) can sequester 1.39 kg of CO2.Carbon sequestration in concrete is an economic and effective approach that directly reduces carbon emission from cement industry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".