Bibliographic record
Abstract
To better understand trades impact on the environment, we construct a four-equation simultaneous system in which three economic determinants define emissions: scale, composition and technique effects, all embodied directly by trade. Supposing the three economic determinants are also endogenous to trade, we check the indirect impacts of trade on the environment in the following three functions through the intermediation of the three effects.We then estimate 29 Chinese provinces' panel data in the model on industrial SO_2 emissions (1993-2001).Our estimation results reveal that export expansion and the accumulation of manufactured goods imports had the opposite roles on industrial SO2 emissions determination.The results do not support the haven hypothesis; the reinforced competition exporters face is a positive factor that encourages technological progress in pollution abatement.China's actual comparative advantage resides in labor-intensive industries; exporting to the world market actually helps to reduce the pollution increases caused by China's heavy-industry-oriented industrialization strategy, which government-intervened import activities traditionally support.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".