Residual Characteristics and Meso-Mechanism of Contact Force in Granular Materials Under Partial Loading and Unloading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A photoelastic experiment was conducted to analyze the evolution characteristics of force-chain network and granule displacement in pentagons under a complete loading and unloading cycle.The results demonstrate that both contact force within the strong force chain and granule displacement show a visiblehysteresisphenomenon during unloading;the area where granule displacement response is positive during unloading is larger than the area during loading. The displacement recovery ratioηd((1ηd 1)was defined to describe the movement locus of granules.Then the relationship betweenηdand five types of movement locus were built.ηd increases along the depth.Evolution characteristics of both force-chain and granule displacement show a critical level of superload.The residual contact force in granular material is at the state of stable equilibrium when superload is higher than the critical level while reaches the limit equilibrium state when unloading to the critical level.Further unloading will result in instant release of residual contact force as well as the redistribution of granules.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".