Unraveling the Origin of Visible Light Capture by Core–Shell TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A black TiO 2 nanotube (NT) heterostructure with an anatase-core and an amorphous-shell has been synthesized by NH 3 annealing of amorphous NT grown by the anodization of a Ti substrate. Remarkable photoabsorption behavior of these black TiO 2 NTs is observed: strong absorption throughout the entire optical wavelength region from ultraviolet to near-infrared. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) have been used to elucidate the origin of this spectacular light capture phenomenon. Surface-sensitive XANES recorded in total electron yield and XPS show that the surface layer is amorphous with a chemical composition approaching that of Ti 4 O 7 . Bulk-sensitive XANES using X-ray partial fluorescence yield and Ti 2p RIXS confirm the presence of a rich amount of Ti 3+ in the crystalline bulk (core of the NT with anatase structure) of black TiO 2 NTs, which exhibits a dispersive d-d energy loss at ∼2 eV corresponding to the broad visible light absorption at ∼600 nm. Our results suggest that the extraordinary photoabsorption behavior of these black TiO 2 NTs is due to the stabilization of Ti 3+ in this special N-doped core–shell assembly having structure varying between TiO 2 (bulk anatase) and Ti 4 O 7 (surface, amorphous).
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it