“A National Playground Both in Summer and Winter”: Civic Groups, Ethnic Organizations, and Tourism Promotion in Revelstoke, BC, 1890–1920
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the years leading up to and during the First World War, civic organizations in the railway town of Revelstoke, British Columbia, diversified the economy by establishing a two-season tourist trade based on mountain scenery, outdoor recreation, and spectator sport. Before the war, progressive urban boosters and a mountaineering club well-connected to the province’s Public Works department successfully lobbied for a trail and an automobile road to the summit, as well as the establishment of a national park on Mt. Revelstoke. During the war, emphasis shifted to the promotion of winter sports, as residents of Scandinavian origin founded a ski club and organized an annual winter carnival to promote economic development and physical fitness. At a time when the loyalty of non-Anglophone immigrants was under question, and interned enemy aliens were forced to labour on the national park road, these activities also served to demonstrate Scandinavian-Canadians’ loyalty and value to Canada. Abstract: Au cours des années précédant la Première Guerre mondiale et pendant celleci, des organismes locaux de Revelstoke, centre ferroviaire de la Colombie-Britannique, ont diversifié l’économie en mettant en place une activité touristique étalée sur deux saisons et fondée sur les paysages de montagne, le plein air et le sport passif. Avant la guerre, des progressistes partisans de l’expansion urbaine et un club d’alpinisme bien branchés sur le ministère des Travaux publics de la province avaient fait pression avec succès pour la construction d’un sentier et d’une route pour automobiles allant jusqu’au sommet du mont Revelstoke, de même que pour l’établissement d’un parc national sur cette montagne. Mais, pendant la guerre, on a plutôt mis l’accent sur la promotion des sports d’hiver, car des résidents d’origine scandinave ont fondé un club de ski et organisé un carnaval d’hiver annuel afin de promouvoir le développement économique et la forme physique. À un moment où la loyauté des immigrants non anglophones était remise en question et où les sujets de pays ennemis internés étaient forcés de travailler à la route du parc national, ces activités ont également servi à faire la preuve de la loyauté des Canadiens scandinaves et de leur valeur pour le Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".