Bibliographic record
Abstract
The many local places created by immigrants and their descendants in early Canada developed within one of three characteristic frames: towns, work camps, and countrysides. The towns, the most conservative, largely reproduced the ways of small European towns. Work camps subjected groups of men, abstracted from intricate European social formations, to the conditions of work associated with particular staple trades. Countrysides, where most people lived, were loci of rapid social and cultural change. The availability of land and scarcity of labour provided opportunity for the poor and disincentive for the rich, and compressed European social hierarchies. The convergence of Europeans from different regional backgrounds, coupled with the many influences of new environments, created distinctive rural cultures. In early Canada, these new countrysides were scattered along a northern edge of North American agriculture. Small and bounded, they soon filled, westward Canadian alternatives were inaccessible or occupied, and the surplus young migrated southward into American melting pots. A scattered country that was neither European nor American, and that was inherently diverse, was in the process of formation.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.057 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".