Couches minces électrochromiques d'oxyde de tungstène dense et poreux pour des applications de contrôle énergétique
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Les nanotechnologies ont bouleverse le paysage dans plusieurs domaines comme la production, le stockage ou l’economie d’energie. La fenestration architecturale peut jouir abondamment des benefices qu’offre la famille des nanotechnologies dites vertes. Parmi celles-ci, on retrouve la fenestration active ou «intelligente» qui, lorsque basee sur des materiaux electrochromiques, est capable de moduler son etat de coloration suite a l’application d’une legere tension electrique. Cette modulation optique s’effectue pour la radiation visible et le rayonnement thermique situe dans le proche infrarouge. Leur utilisation permet ainsi de reduire considerablement la consommation energetique des bâtiments. Egalement, un degre de regulation supplementaire est offert par cette technologie dans la perspective d’optimiser le confort interieur et ce, au gre des habitants. Il est important de mentionner que cette technologie peut etre grandement profitable pour un pays comme le Canada ou il y a un grand ecart de temperature entre la periode hivernale et estivale. Partant de ce fait, ceci influence la necessite d’empecher ou non la radiation visible et proche infrarouge de penetrer. Ce memoire porte integralement sur le trioxyde de tungstene (WO3) : le materiau le plus largement etudie pour ses proprietes electrochromiques. Dans le cas present, le WO3 est synthetise sous forme de couches minces par pulverisation magnetron radiofrequence. En variant la pression et la puissance, la porosite des echantillons est alteree. Le coeur de ce travail se situe au niveau de la caracterisation de ces echantillons par ellipsometrie spectroscopique in situ parallelement a l’application d’une difference de potentiel dans un milieu electrolytique liquide constitue d’acide sulfurique (H2SO4). La methodologie qui a ete developpee permet d’approfondir l’etude des materiaux electro-actifs. Pour le demontrer, les proprietes optiques du WO3 sont obtenues pour une vaste plage de niveaux de coloration. Ces dernieres sont utilisees dans le but de modeliser la coloration resultante d’empilements multicouches electrochromiques. Cependant, une interface entre une couche dense et poreuse peut s’averer problematique et donc, a cet effet, plusieurs avenues d’exploration future par rapport aux filtres electrochromiques interferentiels sont finalement discutees.----------Abstract Nanotechnology has modified the landscape of energy generation, energy storage and energy saving devices. Architectural fenestration can extensively benefit from green nanotechnologies. Amongst them, active fenestration or «smart» windows are able to modify their coloration state upon the application of a small electrical voltage, when based on electrochromic materials. In fact, the amount of visible and near-infrared light that can penetrate through the window can be altered. Therefore, their implementation can allow for a significant reduction in energy consumption in buildings. Furthermore, the capability of optimizing indoor comfort is usercontrolled, thus an additional degree of freedom is given by electrochromic-based technology. It is worth mentioning that such devices can be largely advantageous in countries with variable seasons, such as here in Canada. As a matter of fact, the large temperature difference between the hot and cold season influences the requirement of impeding or enabling visible and thermal radiation to pass through. This master’s thesis is entirely devoted to tungsten trioxide (WO3), which is the most widely studied electrochromic material. In the present case, WO3 thin films are synthesized by radiofrequency magnetron sputtering. By varying the deposition pressure and power, the porosity content/packing density of the films is modified. This work’s main topic is the characterization of electrochromic samples by in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry simultaneously with the application of an electrical voltage in an aqueous electrolytic medium made of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The methodology developed here allows for an in-depth study of electro-active materials. To corroborate this, optical properties of WO3 are obtained for a wide range of coloration levels, and these are subsequently used to model the resulting coloration of electrochromic multilayer systems. However, the interface between the dense and porous films affects the coloration/bleaching dynamics. In this regard, interesting research avenues related to electrochromic interference filters are finally proposed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".