Bibliographic record
Abstract
The current study asks when children begin to understand that\nwhen an object is added to a set, the numerosity of the set has\nincreased regardless of set size. This knowledge can be\nexpressed algebraically as ‘x + 1 > x’. In Experiment 1, 3- to\n5-year-old children were asked to reason about\ntransformations (i.e., addition, subtraction, rearrangement)\nperformed on a visible set of objects. We found that 5-yearolds\nwere able to reason about how each transformation\naffected numerosity, and 4-year-olds showed limited\nunderstanding. In Experiment 2, children were asked to\nreason about transformations performed on a hidden set of\nobjects. Similar results were found. Together, we showed that\nthe ability to reason about number algebraically develops\ngradually between the ages of 3 and 5. Implications for\nnumber word acquisition were discussed
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".