Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 1848, a tiny boat capsized near the coast of Hokkaido, northern Japan. Its sole occupant was rescued by fishermen of the Ainu, the aboriginal people of the region, and reported to local samurai, who incarcerated the man and sent him far south to Nagasaki, where all foreigners were detained. Ranald MacDonald may have been among the most unusual of outsiders to be cast upon Japanese shores. He had, for one, not been shipwrecked or lost at sea, but had paid a whaling captain a considerable sum to set him adrift near Hokkaido with the singular hope of visiting Japan. Nor, as his name might suggest, was he a Scotsman, but the son of a Chinook Indian woman and an official of the Hudson's Bay company, who had grown up in the Pacific Northwest, where the Chinook had thriving trade with Russian, American, British, Canadian, and Hawaiian sailors and agents. He was another typically international and intercultural Pacific actor. In 1834, three Japanese sailors, Yamamoto Otokichi, and two others by the names of Iwakichi and Kyukichi, washed up in the Pacific Northwest, having drifted in a disabled boat from Japanese waters all the way to North America. Found and enslaved by Makah Indians, they were turned over to a Hudson's Bay sea captain and reports about them impressed a young MacDonald, who followed their stories as they traveled on to England, then China, and attempted to return to Japan. This would be no easy feat. Since the early years of the Tokugawa Shoguns, when the Portuguese had been expelled and the Dutch permitted only their tiny outpost on Deshima island in Nagasaki harbor, Japanese ports had remained closed to the outsiders – including Japanese abroad.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".