Elevated Bioactivity of the Tolerogenic Cytokines, Interleukin-10 and Transforming Growth Factor-β, in the Blood of Acutely Malnourished Weanling Mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The main objective of this investigation was to determine the influence of acute deficits of protein and energy on the blood levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), physiologically the main anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic cytokines. In four 14-day experiments, male and female C57BL/6J mice, initially 19 days old, consumed a complete purified diet either ad libitum or in restricted daily quantities, or had free access to an isocaloric purified low-protein diet. A zero-time control group (19 days old) was included. In the first two experiments, serum IL-10 levels were assessed by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and bioassay. The mean serum IL-10 bioactivities were higher (P < or = 0.05) in both malnourished groups (low-protein and restricted intake: 15.8 and 12.2 ng/ml, respectively) than in the zero-time and age-matched control groups (6.3 and 7.3 ng/ml, respectively), whereas serum IL-10 immunoactivity was high only in the restricted intake group (e.g., second experiment: 17.0 pg/ml vs. 5.4, 3.7, and 3.1 pg/ml in the zero-time control, age-matched control and low-protein group, respectively). The third and fourth experiments centered on plasma TGF-beta immunoactivity (sandwich ELISA) and bioactivity, respectively. The ELISA revealed a high mean plasma TGF-beta1 level (P < or = 0.05) in the low-protein group only, but TGF-beta bioactivity (beta1 isoform, although 15% beta2 in the restricted intake group) was high in both malnourished groups (8.7 and 9.3 ng/ml in the low-protein and restricted groups, respectively) relative to the age-matched control group (0.5 ng/ml). Thus, metabolically distinct weanling systems mimicking marasmus and incipient kwashiorkor both exhibit a blood cytokine profile that points to a tolerogenic microenvironment within immune response compartments. A model emerges in which malnutrition-associated immune competence, at least in advanced weight loss, centers on cytokine-mediated peripheral tolerance that reduces the risk of catabolically induced autoimmune disease, but this is at the cost of attenuated responsiveness to infectious agents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".