Cable Surge Arrester Operation Due to Transient Overvoltages Under DC-Side Faults in the MMC–HVDC Link
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The dc cables of the voltage-sourced converter-based HVDC link, including the modular multilevel converter (MMC) configuration, must be protected by surge arresters against transient overvoltages. The selection of the appropriate surge arresters requires a comprehensive understanding of the phenomena that cause the overvoltages and accurate calculation of energy discharged in the arresters. This paper investigates the mechanism that causes transient overvoltages, due to dc-side line-to-ground faults, in a cable-connected MMC-HVDC link. This paper also evaluates the impacts of various system parameters, for example, the prefault power transfer level, the MMC arm inductance, the transformer leakage inductance, the fault location, the ac system short-circuit capacity, the cable inductance, and the MMC blocking delay, on the peak transient overvoltages and the amount of energy discharge in the cable surge arresters. The transient overvoltage studies are also conducted when the dc cable is replaced by an overhead line. The studies are performed in the PSCAD platform. The studies conclude that the prefault power transfer level and the MMC blocking delay have the most significant impacts on the surge arrester energy discharge under dc-side line-to-ground faults in the MMC-HVDC link. The study results also provide essential information for the design of the MMC-HVDC link components.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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