Epidemiology of Invasive H. Influenzae Infections in Greenland 1995–2013—a Nationwide Study.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION:H. influenzae (Hi) serotype b (Hib) vaccine has had a major impact on invasive Hib disease worldwide. Hib vaccine was introduced in Greenland 1997. In the past decade the native population of Alaska and Canada has experienced a number of outbreaks of Hi serotype a (Hia) invasive disease. This has led to interest in the development of an Hia vaccine. Genetic background, living conditions, and infectious disease patterns for the Inuit population of Greenland are highly similar to those of the Inuit populations of Alaska and Canada. We carried out a nation-wide study of invasive Hi infections in Greenlanders 1995–2013 to determine whether similar outbreaks of Hia occur. METHODS: Nation-wide cohort study using complete information on bacterial isolates from Greenland 1995–2013 and the total population of Greenland ( n = 56,000) identified through the unique personal identification number. Health information retrieved from medical files. RESULTS: Invasive Hi was identified in 15 patients in total (1995–99 n = 9; 2000–04 n = 4; 2005–09 n = 1; 2010–13 n = 1); seven cases from blood, five from cerebrospinal fluid, one from both, and two from pleural fluid. Median age of cases was one year (range 0–71 years; 25 and 75% quartiles 0 and 33 years; 53% females). Overall incidence 1995–2013 was 1.4/100,000 (2000–13 0.76/100,000); for children aged 0–4 years 10.2/100,000 (2000–13 3.3/100,000). Seven isolates were Hib (four before 1997 and three after); one was serotype f; one was non-capsular, two were not characterized by capsule, and for four there was no information on type. In comparison, the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease increased in the period 1995–2013.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".