SAGD Process Monitoring in Heavy Oil Reservoir Using UWB Radar Techniques
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, practical considerations for steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) monitoring using ultra-wideband (UWB) radar are studied. The SAGD process and important factors to monitor its performance are discussed. Several experiments are conducted to evaluate the possibility of using UWB radar for SAGD process monitoring. All the experiments are carried out on a simplified laboratory prototype, which is a plateau of wet sand covered by dry sand to mimic the steamed area of the reservoir. The effect of the metal pipe on the pulse shape and propagation inside the reservoir is also experimentally studied. Additionally, a miniaturized Vivaldi antenna capable of radiating within oil-sand is designed, fabricated, and verified as a sensor for the radar monitoring system. Power budget and heterogeneity analysis of the heavy reservoir for different grades of Athabasca oil-sands are also studied. Results demonstrate the possibility of using UWB radar to detect and image the contour of the steamed area in the SAGD process. The information collected by the UWB radar can be used for optimizing steam injection to improve the usage of water and energy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".