Electro-Formation and Fluorescence Microscopy of Giant Vesicles With Coexisting Liquid Phases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are routinely used to study coexisting liquid phases in bilayer membranes. Liquid domains are observed in a wide variety of ternary GUV membranes containing phospholipids and cholesterol, and are thought to model raft domains in cell membranes. GUVs are attractive model systems because vesicles are easily prepared using standard and inexpensive laboratory equipment, and phase-separated vesicles can be visualized using optical microscopy. In this chapter, a detailed method is presented to form and view 10-100-microm diameter single-walled vesicles of charged or uncharged lipid mixtures. GUVs can be visualized by fluorescence microscopy and methods are presented to measure miscibility transition temperatures and to distinguish solid (gel) and liquid domains. Numerous experimental artifacts associated with GUV preparation and viewing are discussed, including the effects of nonideal growth conditions and perturbations of fluorescent probes and other impurities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".