Morphology and Molecular Properties of Cellular Components of Normal Cerebral Vessels
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) includes anatomical, physicochemical, and biochemical mechanisms that control the exchange of materials between blood and brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Thus two distinct systems, the BBB and the blood-CSF barrier systems, control cerebral homeostasis. However, both systems are unique, the BBB having a 5000-fold greater surface area than the blood-CSF barrier (,). The concentrations of substances in brain interstitium, which is determined by transport through the BBB, can differ markedly from concentrations in CSF, the composition of which is determined by secretory processes in the choroid plexus epithelia (). This review will focus on cellular components of cerebral vessels with emphasis on endothelium, basement membrane, and pericytes as well as the perivascular macrophage (Figs. 1 and 2 A), which in light of new information is distinct from pericytes. This review deals less with pathogenesis and more with some of the molecules that have been discovered in these cell types in the past decade. Although astrocytes invest 99% of the brain surface of the capillary basement membrane and are important in induction and maintenance of the BBB, this topic will not be discussed and readers are referred to reviews in the literature (, , , , , , , ). Open image in new window Fig. 1. Segment of normal cerebral cortical capillary wall consists of endothelium (e) and a pericyte (p) separated by basement membrane. This rat was injected with ionic lanthanum, which has penetrated the interendothelial space upto the tight junction (arrowhead). ×70,000. Open image in new window Fig. 2. (see facing page) (A) A cryostat section shows perivascular macrophages using anti-ED2 antibody. The inset shows these cells at higher magnification. Note that these cells are associated with vessels, which have the caliber of veins and not capillaries. (C,D) Merged confocal images of normal rat brain dual labeled for Ang-1 and Ang-2 proteins. Normal vessels show endothelial localization of Ang-1 (green) only in rat brain (B) and choroid plexuses (C) and there is no detectable localization of Ang-2. Note the granular immunostaining in choroid plexus epithelial cells indicating colocalization of Ang-1 and Ang-2 (yellow). (D) Cultured cells derived from cerebral microvessels show adherance of antibody-coated ox red blood cells forming rosettes indicating presence of Fc receptors. Note that many of these cells contain Factor VIII indicating that they are endothelial cells (arrowheads). (E) Electron micrograph demonstrating that the cells to which antibody-coated ox red cells have adhered also show cytoplasmic Factor VIII immunostaining indicating its endothelial nature. Scale bar A−C=50 μm; Inset=25 μm; D×100; E×8000.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it