Bibliographic record
Abstract
When, in June 1815, the European great powers sealed the end of the Napoleonic era by signing the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, the world had become a different place. There is hardly any other era as abundant in profound change as the decades around 1800, centered on the axis of the French Revolution and Napoleon’s rule. Kings came and went, empires dissolved after having been in existence for a thousand years, entire continents declared their independence. The last war, which had raged for nearly a quarter of a century, turned Europe into a slaughterhouse and left its mark far beyond. The people of Europe suffered — according to various estimates — between 3.5 and 5 million deaths. They also witnessed limits to the power of the centuries-old reign of the church and nobility. From Norway to Latin America, common people held meetings and negotiated constitutions, struggled over the issue of slavery and found new ways to adapt the economy to changing conditions. The world of the ancien régime underwent inconceivable transformation and appeared to dissolve. Indeed, the change in political and social circumstances and the heritage of the Napoleonic era marked the dawn of western modernism resulting in an even greater European dominance over the rest of the world. 1 These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".