Bibliographic record
Abstract
When, in June 1815, the European great powers sealed the end of the Napoleonic era by signing the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, the world had become a different place. There is hardly any other era as abundant in profound change as the decades around 1800, centered on the axis of the French Revolution and Napoleon’s rule. Kings came and went, empires dissolved after having been in existence for a thousand years, entire continents declared their independence. The last war, which had raged for nearly a quarter of a century, turned Europe into a slaughterhouse and left its mark far beyond. The people of Europe suffered — according to various estimates — between 3.5 and 5 million deaths. They also witnessed limits to the power of the centuries-old reign of the church and nobility. From Norway to Latin America, common people held meetings and negotiated constitutions, struggled over the issue of slavery and found new ways to adapt the economy to changing conditions. The world of the ancien régime underwent inconceivable transformation and appeared to dissolve. Indeed, the change in political and social circumstances and the heritage of the Napoleonic era marked the dawn of western modernism resulting in an even greater European dominance over the rest of the world.1
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".