America's Regional and Bilateral Free Trade Agreements
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A major trend in the global economic environment since the end of World War II is the formation of trading blocs. The most well-known trading bloc in the world is the European Union, which has 27 member nations today. Nations form or join such trading blocs in order to achieve faster economic growth and stay globally competitive. This paper provides a concise and up-to-date report on the United States' and bilateral free trade agreements that have been implemented as of mid-2007. Keywords: economic integration, free trade agreement, NAFTA, FTAA, CAFTA-DR INTRODUCTION The term regional economic integration (REI) refers to a group of countries (usually in the same region) linking their economies together for the purpose of achieving a higher level of economic performance that will benefit all the participating members. REI can take four basic forms: (1) free trade agreement (abolition of trade barriers among member nations); (2) customs union (a free trade agreement plus common trade barriers for non-member nations); (3) common market (a customs union plus free flow of labor, capital and other production factors); and (4) economic union (a common market plus unification/harmonization of economic institutions and policies). Like several other complicated matters that are easily subjected to misinformation, miscommunication, and misunderstanding, REI is a controversial issue. REI's supporters focus on its benefits, such as a bigger and more attractive market, job creation, economies of scale in production and distribution, lower prices for customers to pay. The United States Trade Representative (USTR) Office states (2007a; 2007b): Trade is essential to America's economic growth, high standard of living, and job creation in the states. The U.S. is the world's largest trading nation, exporting nearly $1.3 trillion in goods and services in 2005. Over one-fifth of the growth in U.S. GDP depended on exports in 2005. Domestically, manufacturing exports supported an estimated 5.2 million jobs (in 2002 - latest data), including 1 in 5 manufacturing jobs. Jobs supported by goods exports pay 13-18% higher than the average wage. .. .Additionally, more than 5.1 million Americans have insourced jobs, drawing their paychecks from U.S. subsidiaries of overseas-based companies (as of 2004)... .The U.S. trade strategy is to pursue multiple market-opening initiatives on a global, and bilateral basis, establishing models of success that can be used throughout all negotiations. REI's opponents emphasize its problems, including the relocation of factories from high-wage countries to low-wage countries, a slow wage growth in high-wage countries, and rising income inequality in high-wage countries (Walker, 2007). The objective of this paper is to provide a concise and up-to-date report on the United States' and bilateral free trade agreements. Because free trade agreements can exert a gigantic impact on the economy of the United States for many years to come, the contents of this paper should be of high interest and value to government officials, business executives, and economics and business scholars. AMERICA'S REGIONAL FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) The Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement (CUFTA) took effect on January 1, 1989. Then President George H. Bush formally proposed creation of a free trade area for the Western Hemisphere in his Enterprise of the Americas initiative in June 1990. His administration laid the groundwork for expanding CUFTA to include Mexico. President Clinton apparently liked the idea of developing a Western Hemisphere free trade area. With his strong support, NAFTA was passed by Congress in late 1993 and put into effect on January 1, 1994. The three NAFTA members are Canada, Mexico and the United States. NAFTA eliminated the tariffs on most products traded, phased out other tariffs gradually, removed trade and investment restrictions, and strengthened the protection of intellectual property rights (patents, copyrights, and trademarks) among its members. …
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it