Formation of CH<sub>4</sub> during K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>-Catalyzed Steam Gasification of Ash-Free Coal: Influence of Catalyst Loading, H<sub>2</sub>O/H<sub>2</sub> Ratio, and Heating Protocol
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Potassium-catalyzed steam gasification experiments of ash-free coal were conducted in a drop-down reactor to study the influence of the catalyst loading, temperature, H 2 O/H 2 ratio, and heating protocol. The higher the catalyst loading, the faster the carbon conversion; however, at an initial K/C ratio of 0.1, a saturation effect (decrease in reactivity per potassium atom) was observed. At higher gasification temperatures, this saturation effect was more pronounced and likely caused by increased potassium mobility. The catalyst accelerated predominately the oxygen transfer reactions and not the methane formation. Methane is produced via direct hydrogenation of the carbon surface. The selectivity to methane and carbon monoxide was increased by reducing the H 2 O/H 2 ratio, which would represent conditions in a gasifier away from the gas inlet. Lastly, the heating protocol influenced mainly the initial rate of gasification up to 20% carbon conversion; beyond that, the rates were similar.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".