Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present the first three-dimensional numerical simulations of the mass transport capabilities of mode-2 waves formed by a lock-release mechanism with both single and double pycnocline stratifications. Single pycnoclines and double pycnoclines with a small spacing between the pycnocline centres were found to exhibit large Lee instabilities which formed during the collapse of the intermediate density region. These instabilities led to the generation of vorticity dipoles across the mid-depth, and thereby contributed to the reduction in the mass transported by the wave. A double pycnocline with a separation of approximately 12% of the depth between the two pycnocline centres was found to transport a passive tracer optimally for the longest time-period. Increasing Schmidt number correlated with increasing mass transport, while decreasing the tracer diffusivity led to increasing mass transport, but only when a trapped core existed. Contrasted two-dimensional simulations reveal that in certain cases, most noticeably the optimal transport case, the mass transport is significantly different from the corresponding three-dimensional simulation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".