Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Hepatocyte Culture Models
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hepatocytes are the site of the most vigorous replication and virion assembly in the course of a serologically evident hepadnavirus infection. They also support persistent propagation of small quantities of hepadnavirus that continues as a serologically unapparent (occult) infection long after resolution of hepatitis or due to a primary silent invasion, as it was documented for woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) in the woodchuck model of hepatitis B ( 1 – 3 ). The lack of validated cultures of normal human hepatocytes susceptible to hepatitis B virus (HBV) and capable of supporting efficient propagation of the virus in vitro had an adverse impact in the past and continues to hamper studies on HBV pathobiology, vaccine development, and preclinical evaluation of anti-HBV agents. A number of important issues, including delineation of the nature of HBV hepatotropism, the molecular basis of HBV persistence in the liver, the mechanisms of HBV oncogenesis, and the virus effect on hepatocyte survival and function, await elucidation in the appropriate culture models. The natural occurrence of viruses similar to HBV in some lower mammals provides an opportunity to establish hepatocyte cultures permissive to ortho -hepadnavirus infection and to circumvent, at least to some degree, problems posed by the absence of appropriate human hepatocyte cultures. Among mammalian hepadnaviruses, WHV infection in the eastern American woodchuck ( Marmota monax ) has been validated as a valuable experimental paradigm of virologic, immunologic, and pathologic events occurring in HBV infection and hepatitis B in humans ( 3 – 5 ). These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".