Printing-houses and printing in the service of the Polish Parliament in the sixteenth century
Bibliographic record
Abstract
SUMMARY The date generally taken by historians to mark the beginning of the two-chamber parliament in Poland is 1493. This date coincided with the beginnings of printing in Poland, almost half a century later than in the Holy Roman Empire. However, another quarter century was to pass after the first printed materials appeared in Poland before this new technique of mass communication was applied to work in the Polish parliament. Based on literature to date (including a work by M. Cytowska, Bibliography of Government Publications in the Sixteenth Century (Wroclaw, 1961)) and his own research in the Polish historical documents section in the Stockholm archive, the author tries to show the ancillary function of printing-houses and printing in the work of the Polish parliament in the sixteenth century. He analyses printed materials: invitation forms to the seym, minutes of proceedings, tax bills and so on. The fact that parliamentary publications began to appear not only in Latin but also, from the mid-sixteenth century, in Polish, deserves attention.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".