The Role of Colonial Artists in the Dispossession and Displacement of the Maliseet, 1790s-1850s
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This essay addresses the role of colonial artists in the dispossession and displacement of Maliseet people in New Brunswick from the 1790s to the early 1850s. It explains that the process of dispossession began in the 1760s when authorities in Nova Scotia granted away over a million and a half acres of Maliseet homeland on the St. John River. Since most of those lands were not actually settled at the time, the Maliseets were not greatly displaced until after the close of the American Revolution, when nearly 15,000 Loyalists invaded and settled on the river, forcing Maliseets off lands that included ancient village sites. Massive lumbering in their hunting territories and new pressures on fish and game brought severe poverty, disease, and suffering to the Maliseets. While early colonial artists did at least provide documentation on Maliseet presence, the artwork tended to present them as relatively well off and as picturesque curiosities. Petitions and other written records from the era tell a starkly different story. This essay suggests that artistic misrepresentations of reality may have contributed not only to ongoing dispossession and displacement, but also to the near-extinction of the Maliseet population in New Brunswick by the mid-1800s.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".