Low temperature synthesis of cement from ladle slag and fly ash
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the feasibility of producing environmentally friendly cement exclusively from industry wastes: ladle slag fines and fly ash. A low temperature clinkering process was implemented to produce a cement material capable of gaining early strength by carbonation and late strength by hydration. The optimum uses of fly ash and clinkering temperature were determined by undergoing meticulous parametric studies. The results of this investigation demonstrate that the higher the clinkering temperatures used, the higher the carbonation and hydration reactivity of the cement. The optimal fly ash ratio and temperature for synthesizing cement was found as 30% and 1250 °C, respectively. The composite action generated by calcium carbonates and calcium silicate hydrates eventually plays an important role in gaining the strength. Production of cement with ladle slag and fly ash at low temperature can reduce the energy consumption, the natural resources consumption, landfills disposal cost, and the total CO2 emission.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".