Injectable Interpenetrating Network Hydrogels via Kinetically Orthogonal Reactive Mixing of Functionalized Polymeric Precursors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The enhanced mechanics, unique chemistries, and potential for domain formation in interpenetrating network (IPN) hydrogels have attracted significant interest in the context of biomedical applications. However, conventional IPNs are not directly injectable in a biological context, limiting their potential utility in such applications. Herein, we report a fully injectable and thermoresponsive interpenetrating polymer network formed by simultaneous reactive mixing of hydrazone cross-linked poly( N -isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), and thiosuccinimide cross-linked poly( N -vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP). The resulting IPN gels rapidly (<1 min) after injection without the need for heat, UV irradiation, or small-molecule cross-linkers. The IPNs, cross-linked by kinetically orthogonal mechanisms, showed a significant synergistic enhancement in shear storage modulus compared to the individual component networks as well as distinctive pore morphology, degradation kinetics, and thermal swelling; in particular, significantly lower hysteresis was observed over the thermal phase transition relative to single-network PNIPAM hydrogels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".