Effects of visual speech information on native listener judgments of L2 consonant intelligibility
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study examines how visual information in nonnative phonemes affects perceptual accuracy of second language (L2) speech production. Native Canadian English listeners perceived three English phonemic contrasts produced by native speakers of Japanese as well as native speakers of Canadian English as controls, under audiovisual (AV), audioonly (AO), and visual-only (VO) conditions. The phonemes include /v, !, l, /, which are not existent in Japanese (L2 phonemes) as well as /b, s/ that are shared in both Japanese and English consonant inventories. The results showed that the English listeners perceived the Japanese productions of the phonemes /b, v, s, !/ as significantly more intelligible when presented with the AV condition compared to the AO condition, indicating facilitative effects of visual speech information on their perceptual accuracy of nonnative production. However, the Japanese production of // was perceived as less intelligible in the AV condition compared to the AO condition, indicating that nonnative speakers’ incorrect articulatory configurations may decrease the degree of intelligibility. These results suggest that listener judgments of L2 productions may be either positively or negatively affected by additional visual speech information.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".