“ALL THAT GLITTERS…:” The Scientific and Financial Ambitions of Robert Bell at the Geological Survey of Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Canada, the 19th-century development of sciences with a geographical component was marked by individuals whose contributions were remarkable for their details, their geographical coverage, the originality and longevity of their ideas. Collectively, these individuals could be called the 'inventors of Canada.' Among them was Robert Bell. Early in his career at the Geological Survey of Canada and during an interval of part-time service while he taught at Queen’s University (1864–68), Kingston, Ontario, Robert Bell (1841–1917) involved himself in several commercial schemes that he hoped would lead to the development of mineral occurrences in the British colony of Newfoundland (various minerals), Canada East and West (petroleum), and Nova Scotia (gold), developments that he hoped would also raise his financial as well as his scientific stature. Here, the circumstances of these ventures and their outcomes and his unencumbered achievements in later life are reviewed.RÉSUMÉAu Canada, au 19e siècle, le développement des sciences comprenant un volet géographique a été marqué par des individus dont les contributions ont été remarquables par leurs détails, leur couverture géographique, leur originalité, et la longévité de leurs idées. Collectivement, ces personnes pourraient être appelées les «inventeurs du Canada». Parmi elles se trouvait Robert Bell. Tout au début de sa carrière à la Commission Géologique du Canada, et pendant son service à temps partiel alors qu’il enseignait à l’université Queen’s à Kingston, Ontario (1864–1868), Robert Bell (1841–1917) s’est impliqué personnellement dans plusieurs programmes commerciaux qu’il espérait mener au développement des richesses minérales de la colonie britannique de Terre-Neuve (divers minéraux), du Canada-Est et Canada-Ouest (pétrole), et de la Nouvelle-Ecosse (or). Il espérait que ces développements augmenteraient son statut financier ainsi que scientifique. Dans cet article, la situation de ces entreprises et leurs résultats, et ses accomplissements scientifiques indépendants, sont passés en revue.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.020 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".