The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigenaemia in HIV positive patients in the Niger Delta Nigeria.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Both hepatitis-B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are common in Nigeria and are a significant cause of mortality and morbidity. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in HIV infected patients and to highlight the need to pay attention to the recognition of potentially severe concurrent illness that may increase morbidity and mortality of HIV infected patients. METHODS: Three hundred and forty-two HIV positive patients recruited into the antiretroviral therapy pilot project at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital comprising 192 males and 150 females between June 1995 to February 2003 constituted subjects for this study. HIV status of subjects was confirmed using the WHO approved Immunocomb (Organics, Israel) and Recombigen HIV I and II kits (Cambridge diagnostics, Ireland). HBsAg was assayed using the commercially available Clinotech HBsAg kits based on the chromatographic immunoassay technique (Clinotech diagnostics, Canada). RESULTS: HBsAg was detected in 33 (9.7%) of patients infected with HIV. Co-infection rate was highest in the 33-39 years age group. Single/unmarried patients constituted the highest proportion of those with HIV/HBV co-infection 21/195 (10.8%) followed by widowed/separated 4/47 (8.5%) and married (8.0%). Commercial sex workers had the highest prevalence among the occupational groups 4/30 (13.3%) followed by applicants 8/75 (10.7%) and drivers 4/40 (10.0%) while the lowest occupational prevalence occurred among farmers. Chi-square analysis indicated that age was an independent risk factor for HBV co-infection in HIV infected patients (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a high prevalence (9.7%) of HBsAg in HIV infected patients. This calls for a more intensive prevention and surveillance measures to control the HIV/AIDS scourge and co-infection with HBV.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".