On the Interaction of Power Transformers and Geomagnetically Induced Currents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) cause partial saturation of transformers leading to a variety of power system effects. Extensive work has been done to model the transformer response to GIC; however, little consideration has been given to how transformer inductance affects the growth of GIC. Here, we present a new method based on calculating the effective inductance of the transformer experienced by GIC. A step-by-step method is used to calculate each step in the growth of GIC, the fraction of time in saturation, and the effective inductance. The new value of effective inductance is then used to calculate the next step in GIC. Model results for a dc step voltage are in agreement with previously published detailed modelling and show the nonlinear response of transformers. The new technique provides a versatile and fast method for modelling the transformer interaction with GIC and provides a way of assessing the GIC frequencies that need to be considered in assessment of the geomagnetic hazard to a power system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".