Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article explores culinary suspicion toward Chinese Manileños during the Spanish and American occupations of the Philippines. It takes siopao—an urban Filipino adaptation of the Cantonese char siu bao (steamed barbecue pork bun)—as its point of convergence, and explores modern controversies accusing Chinese cooks of using taboo meats instead of pork. These suspicions developed according to a cultural lineage rooted in the exclusion of Chinese migrants and their foodways and formalized in legal mechanisms of urban segregation and exclusionary laws. This article suggests that the simultaneous love and repulsion for siopao stands in for a range of alternative multiculturalisms that sought to govern Chinese bodies, adapted across the imperial fringes of the Spanish and US empires. At the same time, tracing the global networks of Chinese labor, Spanish and American imperialisms, and Philippine migration, this article tells a story of how a portable, working-class Chinese dish became Filipino as it passed through the hands and mouths of a global Pacific.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".