Asphaltenes Aqueous Conversion to Humic and Fulvic Analogs via Oxy-Cracking
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Asphaltenes surplus production in northern Alberta facilities as a result of heavy oil upgrading incentivizes searching for alternative processes to coking or gasification, with less environmental footprint and/or lower costs. Oxy-cracking of asphaltenes in liquid phase under alkali conditions could be a new approach to creating higher value products. In the present study, asphaltene particles/drops were solubilized in water with the ultimate intention of reducing their molecular weight, converting them to analogs of humic substances with potential applications as soil cofertilizers or other industrial applications. For evaluating the feasibility of solubilizing asphaltene particles by oxy-cracking, experiments were done in a batch reactor to study the parameters maximizing the solubilization toward liquid products: temperature, residence time, pressure, base effect, asphaltenes mass, and stirring speed. The results showed that temperature and residence time are the two parameters affecting reaction the most, being the optimum values 180–210 °C and 1–2 h, respectively. The intermediate product of asphaltenes oxy-cracking reaction is water-soluble asphaltenes (WSA), and the final product is CO 2 . The water solubilized products were found to contain organic carboxylic, carbonyl, phenolic, and sulfonic functions, responsible for their dissolution in water. At less severe conditions, WSA had characteristics similar to humic analogs; but with increasing reaction severity, products aromaticity increased and lower molecular weight components (fulvic analogs) were formed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".