In vivo evaluation of ammonia plasma modified ePTFE grafts for small diameter blood vessels replacement. A preliminary report.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Today, saphenous veins are most frequently used to reconstruct occluded or diseased small diameter vessels (< or =6 mm in diameter). However, these veins are unavailable in 30-40% of patients. In such a situation, prosthetic grafts provide the only alternative. Since an endothelial cell (EC) lining, important for maintaining a haemostatic-thrombotic balance, does not develop onto the intima of implanted grafts in humans, these grafts occlude within a short period of time. The failure of vascular grafts is attributed to their characteristics which are nonconducive towards endothelial cell adhesion, spreading and growth. In order to examine whether the patency of vascular grafts can be improved by the surface modification of grafts' intima, small diameter grafts were modified by a novel ammonia plasma treatment to enhance their interactions with EC. METHODS: Through laparotomy, ammonia plasma treated ePTFE (4 mm in diameter) grafts (n=3) and control untreated grafts (n=6) were implanted into the distal infrarenal aorta of rabbits. At appropriate time, grafts and adherent tissue were removed, fixed, stained and embedded in Poly/Bed 812. Light microscopic examination of thin sections cut from the proximal and distal anastomatic and midportion segments of explanted grafts was carried out. RESULTS: In control group studies, all animals developed lower limb paraplegia within seven days of implantation. Light microscopic examination of explanted control grafts showed that control grafts were obstructed by thrombosis/intimal hyperplasia. However, ammonia plasma modified explanted grafts, after one month of transplantation, revealed an endothelial cell-like lining that covered the grafts' inner surfaces. Accordingly, these grafts remained patent in animals. CONCLUSIONS: The grafts' surfaces that are made conducive to EC adhesion and proliferation and host response may influence endothelial regeneration. It is hoped that the combination of angiogenic molecules (i.e. endothelial cell specific growth factors such as VEGF) with ammonia plasma modified grafts may provide further insight into the development of ideal small diameter prosthesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".