Trends in the incidence of bladder cancer in Nova Scotia: a twenty-year perspective.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the urinary system. Tobacco smoking has been implicated as a major risk factor for the development of bladder cancer and Nova Scotia has some of the highest smoking rates in Canada. We examined trends in the incidence of bladder cancer in Nova Scotia between 1980 and 1999. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data on incident cases of bladder cancer diagnosed in Nova Scotia over a twenty-year period (1980 - 1999) were obtained from the Nova Scotia Cancer Registry. The age- standardized incidence and mortality due to bladder cancer was calculated for both genders. Trends in the incidence of bladder cancer during the study period were analyzed for three different age groups in each gender as an estimate of birth cohort. The average annual percent change (AAPC) in incidence of bladder cancer was calculated. RESULTS: Between 1980 and 1999, 3569 cases of bladder cancer were reported (male: female = 2.9:1). The overall incidence of bladder cancer increased in both males (27.5 to 39.5 cases per 100 000) and females (7.0 to 10.7 cases per 100 000). Mortality rates were stable. There was a trend towards an increase in bladder cancer rates for all age groups analyzed, with a substantial rise occurring in females less than 65 years of age. The AAPC in incidence of bladder cancer was +1.5 for males and +2.6 for females. CONCLUSIONS: We hypothesize that the rising incidence of bladder cancer in Nova Scotia, particularly in individuals less than 65 years of age, is related to changes in cigarette smoking practices during the past century. As the population ages, we are likely to see an increased incidence of bladder cancer in females.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".