Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: the challenge ahead
Why is this work in the frame?
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Full frame distilled prediction
Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
- Candidate categories
- Meta-epidemiology (narrow)
- Consensus categories
- none
- Domain
- Candidate signal: noneConsensus signal: none
- Study design
- Candidate signal: Not applicableConsensus signal: none
- Genre
- Candidate signal: ReviewConsensus signal: Review
- Teacher disagreement score
- 0.961
- Threshold uncertainty score
- 1.000
- Validation status
machine_predicted_unvalidated·codex-gemma-dda1882f352a
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
- Teacher spread
- 0.286 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
- Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline· verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it
Abstract
Lifestyle factors are responsible for a considerable portion of cancer incidence worldwide, but credible estimates from the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) suggest that the fraction of cancers attributable to toxic environmental exposures is between 7% and 19%. To explore the hypothesis that low-dose exposures to mixtures of chemicals in the environment may be combining to contribute to environmental carcinogenesis, we reviewed 11 hallmark phenotypes of cancer, multiple priority target sites for disruption in each area and prototypical chemical disruptors for all targets, this included dose-response characterizations, evidence of low-dose effects and cross-hallmark effects for all targets and chemicals. In total, 85 examples of chemicals were reviewed for actions on key pathways/mechanisms related to carcinogenesis. Only 15% (13/85) were found to have evidence of a dose-response threshold, whereas 59% (50/85) exerted low-dose effects. No dose-response information was found for the remaining 26% (22/85). Our analysis suggests that the cumulative effects of individual (non-carcinogenic) chemicals acting on different pathways, and a variety of related systems, organs, tissues and cells could plausibly conspire to produce carcinogenic synergies. Additional basic research on carcinogenesis and research focused on low-dose effects of chemical mixtures needs to be rigorously pursued before the merits of this hypothesis can be further advanced. However, the structure of the World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety 'Mode of Action' framework should be revisited as it has inherent weaknesses that are not fully aligned with our current understanding of cancer biology.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
The record
- Venue
- Carcinogenesis
- Topic
- Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Field
- Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
- Canadian institutions
- Cancer Care OntarioUniversity of TorontoDalhousie UniversityInstitut National de la Recherche ScientifiqueHealth CanadaWestern UniversityPublic Health OntarioUniversity of GuelphUniversity of British ColumbiaMcGill University
- Funders
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and TechnologyNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesNatural Environment Research CouncilMedical Research CouncilCanadian Institutes of Health ResearchNational Institutes of HealthFundación FeroNational Center for Research ResourcesNational Institute of General Medical SciencesFondo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaUniversidad de TarapacáFood and Health BureauUniversitetet i OsloAssociazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul CancroKing Abdulaziz City for Science and TechnologyHealth and Medical Research FundNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaMinistry of Education, Science and TechnologyInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIOhio State UniversityNational Research Foundation of KoreaCalifornia Breast Cancer Research ProgramKuwait Foundation for the Advancement of SciencesAmerican Cancer SocietyFonds Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesDalhousie UniversitySwim Across AmericaNational Science CouncilU.S. Department of Veterans AffairsAustrian Science FundGrantová Agentura České RepublikyInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleNational Institute on Minority Health and Health DisparitiesUniversità di BolognaEuropean CommissionRutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyKWF KankerbestrijdingNational Cancer InstituteAXA Research FundCancer Research UKNova Scotia Health Research FoundationTaipei Medical UniversityJapan Science and Technology AgencyUniversity of OtagoNorges ForskningsrådMinistero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della RicercaArkansas Biosciences InstituteNational Center for Advancing Translational SciencesMinisterio de Educación, Gobierno de ChileNational Eye InstituteVlaamse regeringNational Research FoundationEuropean Chemical Industry CouncilRegione Emilia-RomagnaOffice of Research and DevelopmentMinistry of Science and Technology, TaiwanBeatrice Hunter Cancer Research InstituteU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyCancer Prevention and Research Institute of TexasNew Jersey Health FoundationUniversità degli Studi di FirenzeFondazione CariploEuropean Regional Development FundV Foundation for Cancer ResearchU.S. Public Health ServiceHoward Hughes Medical InstituteUniverzita Karlova v PrazeGarrett B. Smith FoundationCancer Research InstituteUniversité de StrasbourgDalhousie Medical Research FoundationBurroughs Wellcome FundNational Science FoundationVlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch OnderzoekU.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- Keywords
- CarcinogenEnvironmental chemistryChemistryToxicologyBiologyBiochemistry
- Has abstract in OpenAlex
- yes