Adsorption of Antimony by Bagasse Fly Ash: Chemical Modification and Adsorption Mechanism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Modification of bagasse fly ash (BFA) and the adsorption mechanism of antimony (Sb) by modified BFA were studied. It was found that BFA grafted with acrylic acid (BFAG) and BFA treated with hydrochloric acid (BFA/HCl) led to a decrease in the pH of the zero point of charge (pHzpc) of the adsorbents. The pHzpc of BFA, BFAG, BFA/HCl and activated carbon (AC) were 8.3, 6.4, 6.2 and 8.2, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities (Qmax) of Sb by BFA, BFAG, BFA/HCl and AC were 0.14, 0.34, 0.38 and 0.29 mg Sb/g adsorbent, respectively. Modified BFA had Qmax higher than AC although the BET surface area of AC was the highest. This was due to the system pH of BFAG and BFA/HCl was 5.20–6.00 and the pHzpc of BFAG and BFA/HCl accounted for 6.4 and 6.2, respectively. Therefore, the adsorbent surface had a positive charge, resulting in increasing adsorption of Sb.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".