Spectroscopic Study of HNO<sub>3</sub>Dissociation on Ice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A detailed spectroscopic study of HNO(3):H(2)O binary amorphous mixtures, and of the adsorption of HNO(3) onto ice, is reported. Using a classical optics model, the extent of intermixing and of ionic dissociation of adsorbed HNO(3), which forms a strong acid with liquid water, is determined as a function of HNO(3) coverage and temperature. Even at temperatures as low as 45 K, where intermixing is limited to at most a few molecular layers at the interface, ionic dissociation of adsorbed HNO(3) is observed to be extensive. While some amount of molecularly adsorbed HNO(3) is observed at the surface of ice at 45 K, its ionic dissociation occurs irreversibly upon heating the ice substrate to 120 K. The molecularly adsorbed state of HNO(3) is not restored upon cooling, suggesting HNO(3) is a metastable entity at the surface of ice. Therefore, despite ionic dissociation of HNO(3) being thermodynamically favored, it appears to be kinetically inhibited at the surface of amorphous solid water at temperatures below 120 K.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".