Analysis and design of elevated liquid-filled reinforced concrete conical tanks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Reinforced concrete conical tanks are used in municipalities and industrial applications as liquid containing vessels. These tanks can be ground supported tanks or elevated on a supporting shaft. Although most design codes provide guidelines for rectangular and cylindrical tanks, no guidance is provided in these codes for conical tanks. This study focuses on assessing the accuracy of a design approach based on the provisions of Portland Cement Association Circular Concrete Tanks without Pre-stressing code for cylindrical tanks combined with an equivalent cylinder approach provided by the American Water Works Association-D100. Several reinforced concrete conical tanks with different geometric configurations are analyzed under the effect of hydrostatic loading using this approach. The internal forces obtained according to code provisions are compared with those predicted by a linear finite element analysis model developed for all studied tanks. The finite element analysis model is based on a degenerated consistent sub-parametric triangular shell element developed in-house. The results of this comparison show that Portland Cement Association Circular Concrete Tanks without Pre-stressing approach leads to larger hoop tension and smaller meridional moment compared to those obtained from the finite element analysis. Therefore, the Portland Cement Association Circular Concrete Tanks without Pre-stressing provisions combined with the equivalent cylinder approach lead to an inadequate design if applied to conical-shaped tanks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".