The effects of time, temperature, and concentration on Sr <sup>2+</sup> exchange in clinoptilolite in aqueous solutions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Four grams of a clinoptilolite-rich rock, crushed to -180 mesh, were exchanged in deionized water (DI), and in 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 M solutions of SrCl 2 ·6H 2 O at 5, 21, 50, and 90 °C for 0.5, 5, 24, and 240 h yielding 64 sample solutions, which were vacuum-filtered to remove solids. The solutions were analyzed by ICP-AES for the outgoing cations (i.e., Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , and Mg 2+ ). The higher molarity solutions were expected to contain greater concentrations of the outgoing cations than the DI or lower molarity concentration solutions. This trend was exhibited by the monovalent and divalent cations in samples of all concentrations. Outgoing monovalent cations exchanged to greater extents with increasing time and temperature. Outgoing divalent cations of 0.01 and 0.001 M concentrations exchanged at low temperatures contained greater concentrations of outgoing divalent cations than solutions exchanged at high temperatures. The concentrations of the monovalent cations were slightly greater in the 0.001 M sample than in DI, whereas divalent cations had a similar concentration between the 0.001 M and DI treatments. Overall exchange of cations out of the clinoptilolite was favored at higher temperatures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".