An Empirical Analysis of Store Locations in Planned Regional Shopping Centres
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Canada and the U.S., shopping centre leases may contain restrictive clauses that give a department store veto power over the admission of new tenants and power to influence the store locations in the shopping centre. Regarding the internal structure of shopping centres, the interests of shopping centre developers and department stores might not coincide. In the presence of conflict of interests, the internal composition of shopping centres would depend upon the relative bargaining positions of the developer and the department store. In this paper, I investigate the store configurations in an area close to department stores in planned regional shopping centres. Using maps showing the specific locations of stores in the shopping centres and data on characteristics of shopping centres, developers, and department stores collected from 148 planned regional shopping centres in the five westernmost Canadian provinces in 2007, I examine the relationship between the characteristics of stores near entrance of a department store and indicators of bargaining power of developers and department stores. This paper contributes to the literature in the empirical investigation of the store locations within shopping centres.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".