Capillary Force between Flexible Filaments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Liquid droplets bridging filaments are ubiquitous in nature and technology. Although the liquid-surface shape and the capillary force and torque have been studied extensively, the effect of filament flexibility is poorly understood. Here, we show that elastic deformation (at large values of the elasto-capillary number) can significantly affect the liquid-surface shape and capillary force. The equilibrium state of parallel filaments is calculated using analytical approximations and numerical solutions for the fluid interface. The results compare well, and the numerical solution is then applied to crossing filaments. In the investigated range of parameters, the capillary force increases rapidly when the filaments touch. The force decreases continuously when decreasing the liquid volume for parallel hydrophilic filaments but produces a maximum for crossed filaments. The liquid volume at the maximum force is reported when changing the filament flexibility, crossing angle, and contact angle. These results may be beneficial in applications where the strength and structure of wet fibrous materials are important, such as in paper formation and when welding flexible components.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".