Loyola High School v. Attorney General of Quebec: On Non-triviality and the Charter Value of Religious Freedom
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Loyola High School, et al. v. Attorney General of Quebec, the Supreme Court of Canada held that the government of Quebec could not require a Catholic high school to teach Catholic religion and ethics from a non-Catholic perspective. The government could, however, require the school to teach other religions from a “neutral” perspective. This article takes Loyola as an opportunity to examine two ways that courts have justified limits on religious freedom. First, I interrogate an under-examined aspect of the law of religious freedom: the requirement that claimants prove the interference with their religious freedom is “more than trivial or insubstantial”. Second, I examine how the majority and minority decisions articulate broader visions of religious freedom. I argue that religious freedom has been interpreted through the value of tolerance, understood in Loyola as giving rise to a state obligation to educate students in the skills of non-exclusionary dialogue.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.023 | 0.016 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.012 | 0.011 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".