Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chapter 19Multilateral environmental agreements and illegality Antonio Cardesa-Salzmann hazardous wastes or other wastes is to be considered as criminal (Basel Convention Article 4(3)).While some consider this particular wording as 'fairly rhetorical' (Kummer 1999, p. 70), in actuality, states must enact implementing legislation -inter alia, criminal measures -and 'seek enforcement vis-à-vis private parties that act in contravention of the provisions of the convention (or, rather, in contravention of the national provisions that give effect to the convention)' (Nollkaemper 2002, p. 170; Basel Convention Article 4(4)). 2 In the context of the European Union, for example, Directive 2008/99/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of the environment through criminal law harmonizes the member states' legislation, amongst other things, with respect to environmentally harmful conducts -whether committed intentionally or with negligence -that are to be typified as criminal offences.Amongst others, these include shipments of waste, trade in specimens of protected wild fauna or flora species, as well as the production, importation, exportation, placing on the market or use of ozone depleting substances (ODSs) (Directive 2008/99/EC Article 3(c), (g), (i)).These provisions had to be 'transposed', that is, incorporated, into the respective national legal orders and fully implemented by law enforcement bodies (customs, police and prosecutors) and the judiciaries of each Member State by the end of December 2010.3 Yet, in addition to weak national domestic enforcement capacities, especially in developing countries, one of the pervasive challenges for regime effectiveness that MEAs face is their uneven degree of incorporation into domestic legal orders of all states parties.Needless to say, substantive mismatches in the implementation and enforcement of domestic legislative measures that incorporate central provisions of MEAs on illicit trade in controlled commodities create legal loopholes that allow transnational black markets to flourish.2 Similar wording is found in CITES Article VIII(1) and, in more general terms, also in the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer Article 2(2)(b), which serves as a framework convention to the Montreal Protocol.3 See all national implementation measures at (accessed
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.012 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.027 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.013 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".